This field experiment was done to study the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of Tarom rice variety under System of rice intensification (SRI), using completely randomized block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications, during 2011 growing season at Haraz Development and Promotion Research Center. Treatments SRI 1 to SRI 8 consisted of different combinations of organic fertilizers; Bioll555 and Azola compost with urea fertilizer, under System of rice intensification and SRI 9 as traditional rice cultivation System were used. The results showed that the maximum (149.8 cm) and minimum (129.2 cm) plant height were measured in treatments SRI 7 and SRI 2, respectively. In terms of maximum number of tillers, no significant differences were observed between treatments (p>0.05) The maximum (249.0) number of panicles per m 2 was observed in treatment SRI 6. Also the results indicated that the maximum (120.7) and minimum (94.1) number of spikelets per panicle were measured in treatments SRI 8 and SRI 3, respectively. The results also revealed that the highest grain yield (4772.4 kg/ha) was measured in treatment SRI 6 and the lowest rate (3360.0 kg/ha) was gained in treatment SRI 2. Finally, It found that treatment (SRI 6) and (SRI 7) under System of rice intensification could lead to the best yield and yield components of Tarom rice variety.

Background and Objective: Application of organic fertilizer, reduced plant density in nursery and adjusted water deficit are needed in the System of rice intensification (SRI). The present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of some attributes of this System in term of the yield and yield components of rice cv. ‘, Tarom Hashemi’, . Materials and Methods: The present research was conducted in a split split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018. The main plots included the irrigation method in two levels (flooding and deficit irrigation regimes), the sub plots were fertilizer types at three levels (control, chemical and vermicompost fertilizers) and sub sub plots were seedling density in nursery at three levels (100, 200 and 300 gram of seed per square meter). Results: According to the results of variance analysis and significant interaction between factors, application of SRI (vermicompost + 200 g seed. m-2) improved paddy yield (4613. 40 kg. ha-1) nearly similar to chemical fertilizer throughout improving plant characteristics such as number of tillers per square meter and fertile tiller. The results also, showed that biological yield in SRI treatment (vermicompost + 200 g seed per square meter) with average of 12335. 60 kg. ha-1 was not statistically different from chemical fertilizer + 200 g seed per square meter. Furthermore, using adjusted water deficit irrigation decreased the paddy yield by only four percentage as compared to the conventional irrigation. Conclusion: In general, to avoid environmental problems caused by overusing of chemical fertilizer and, to reduce seed density in nursery and to improve water productivity, SRI i. e. integration of vermicompost fertilizer + 200 g seed per square meter + adjusted water deficit irrigation could be recommended.

This paper reports the results of experimental removal process of ammonia from synthetically prepared ammonia solution using a microscale mixing loop air stripper. Effects of various operational parameters (such as pH, air flow rate, wastewater flow rate, and initial ammonia concentration) were evaluated. By increasing pH from 10 to 12. 25, the amount of KLa increased from 0. 26 to 0. 73 h-1. Considerable enhancement, about 150 %, can be found for KLa by changing the air flow rate from 280 to 700 mL/min under a fixed condition. The wastewater flow rate can also increase the value of KLa from 0. 22 to 0. 59 h-1. The values of KLa increased only about 20 %by changing the initial concentration of ammonia in the range between 50 and 500 mg/L. The results showed that any improvement concerning air stripping using microchannel was successfully carried out with enhancing the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and providing higher mass transfer capabilities compared with other types of strippers, even for lower amounts of used air. The enhancement of mass transfer takes place by efficient mixing induced by the employed microchannel. It has been demonstrated that wastewater flow rate and air flow rate have significant effects on KLa. The optimal stripping conditions and mathematical modeling for ammonia removal and the relation between the parameters were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) method. The results demonstrate the advantages the proposed System possesses over conventional stripper types.

The Nigerian rice sector has made remarkable improvement in the last decade as production has increased significantly thereby reducing the gap between domestic supply and demand. In the last three decades, rice imports make up greater proportion of Nigerian imports as rice forms a structural component of the Nigerian diet. Past government inconsistent policies were not successful in securing good market share for domestic rice producers, hence producers suffered great losses. The recent resurgence of interest by the present administration to intensify domestic rice production has yielded positive results. The objective of this study is to analyze and assess the costs and benefits of intensification of rice production Systems in southeastern Nigeria using a policy analysis matrix approach. Multi Stage sampling technique was employed in selecting 75 upland and 75 lowland rice farmers who were interviewed with structured and validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The result shows that upland; lowland and double rice cropping Systems in southeastern Nigeria are profitable based on the policy analysis matrix (PAM) model, and rice production under various Systems and technologies is socially profitable and financially competitive. While there exist comparative advantage in the various production Systems, with lowland and double cropping being highest, substantial tax was imposed on rice imports in Nigeria and government investment in intensifying rice production had a positive impact on the output of local rice production. The study concludes with strategies for the development of rice sub sector in Nigeria.

In order to investigate the effect of source and sink relationship and the planting Systems in fajr rice cultivar, an experiment carried out in rice investigations institute of Amol during 2010. This experiment performed as split plot in the basis of randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Different planting Systems in three levels (Traditional planting, Improved planting and SRI planting) were in main plots and 3 levels of sink- source relations (1/3 Panicle omitting, Flag leaf omitting and Control) were allocated in sub plots. Maximum grain yield (873.9 gram at m2) produced under System of improved planting. Improved planting grain yield had 18.3% and 25.1% significant increasing and compared to traditional and SRI respectively, because maximum and minimum number of empty spikelet in the panicle obtained for SRI and improved planting Systems alternatively. Minimum number of empty spikelet in panicle gained after cutting 1.3 panicle that has 39.5 % decrease to control and shows source photosynthesis limitation in the fair cultivar.Cutting flag leaf 7.3% increased the Number of empty spikelet to control. It showed importance of flag leaf for filling spikelets. Grain yield 16/4% decreased by cutting flag leaf compare to control. Interaction effect of different planting Systems and source- sink relations was significant only on the number of empty spikelet on panicle,

In order to study the integrated effect of nitrogenand organic fertilizer on yield and yield components of Tarom cultivar of rice a field experiment was carried out at the Haraz Technology Development and Extension Center in Mazandaran (Amol) during 2010. The experiment conducted as a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments included two kinds of organic fertilizer (Bioll555) and Azola compost that every one of those was incorporated whit amount of nitrogen as: 1- without nitrogen 2- whit 50% N at basal 3- with 50% N (25% at basal and 25% at panicle initiation) and 4- with 100% N (50% at basal, 25% at tillering stage and 25% at panicle initiation). Other cultural practices were down to all plots according SRI method monotonously. In this study, plant height, panicle length, tillers and panicle number per hill, filled grains and total grains number per panicle, 1000 grain weight, economical and biological yield and harvest index were measured. Results showed that were not significant differences for grain yield among treatments, nevertheless the highest grain yield (4.491 t/ha) belonged to T8 (organic fertilizer Bioll555+100% Nitrogen (50% at basal+25% at tillering stage+25% at panicle initiation) and the lowest grain yield (3.673 t/ha) belonged to T1 (Azola compost without N application) which indicate N is very important in rice production. For all measured traits, organic fertilizer (Bioll555) had superiority in comparison with Azola compost. We found that organic fertilizer is advantageous for decrease of N application up to 50%.

Introduction rice (Oryza sativa L.) is recognized as one of the earliest cultivated crops, providing essential nutrients for human growth and health. One of the major challenges today is the severe limitation of arable land available for rice production. This issue is particularly critical in countries with arid and semi-arid climates and limited water resources, such as Iran, where rice cultivation requires substantial amounts of water. Ecological intensification is an approach that optimally utilizes natural resources to enhance productivity while minimizing negative environmental impacts. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of various cultivation Systems on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rice (Tarom Hashemi cultivar). Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted through two separate experiments based on a randomized complete block design with four replications, under nursery and field conditions in the city of Babol, Iran, during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The experimental treatments included three cultivation Systems: the System of rice intensification (SRI), an intermediate System, and a traditional System. In the nursery, seed densities for the ecological intensification, intermediate, and traditional Systems were set at 100, 200, and 300 g.m-², respectively. In field conditions, treatments included transplanting ages of seedlings (20, 30, and 40 days), planting densities (25, 30 and 20 plants.m-2), irrigation regimes (water deficit as alternative water, saturated irrigation at the soil level, and permanent waterlogging in 10 cm above the soil), and the number of seedlings (1, 4, and 8 seedlings per hill). The traits under investigation included seedling length, stem diameter, and root diameter at the time of transplanting from the nursery to the field. Evaluated quantitative traits included growth characteristics (panicle length), yield components (percentage of unfertile grains and number of productive tillers), biological yield, paddy yield, harvest index, and quality traits (amylose content and gel consistency temperature). Results and DiscussionThe results from the nursery experiment indicated that the main effect of planting Systems on stem length, stem diameter, and root diameter of seedlings was significant. Except for root length, the interaction between year and planting Systems was not significant for the other traits in the nursery. In the ecological intensification System, stem diameter, stem length, and root diameter measured 24.5 cm, 4.1 mm, and 0.52 cm, respectively. In both years, the longest root length observed was 13 cm in the ecological intensification System. In contrast, the lowest values for these traits were recorded in the traditional System. The examination of quantitative traits of rice in field conditions revealed significant interaction effects between year and planting Systems on the number of fertile tillers. The highest number of fertile tillers was recorded for SRI. The effect of planting Systems was significant on both biological yield and paddy yield. The maximum biological yield (2.9 kg/ha) and paddy yield (0.83 kg/ha) were associated with SRI. The highest amylose content and gel consistency temperature were found in the ecological intensification System (with 22.7% and 3.7, respectively), while the traditional System exhibited the lowest values (with 21.5% and 3.0, respectively). Correlation coefficients between paddy yield with panicle length (r = 0.98**), number of fertile tillers (r = 0.99**), and biological yield (r = 0.97**) were all positive and statistically significant at the 1% probability level. Conclusion Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the ecological intensification System outperformed the other management Systems and can be considered an effective approach in ecological management. This contributes to sustainable production, food security, and improvements in environmental characteristics.  

Today, global warming is one of the most important human concerns in the fields of economy, energy and environment. The most important element in global warming is the burning fossil fuels that release the greenhouse gases including CO2. The researches by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change show that global warming will rise more than 2 degrees centigrade by the end of the century with respect to the pre-industrial era, if no effort is made to reduce CO2 emissions. Since the MENA region is one of the most vulnerable regions in the world due to climate change, so the main purpose of this study is to assess the effects of climate change on the economic variables in MENA region until 2105. For this purpose rice model is used which is based on the computational general equilibrium model. The results indicate that the global average temperature will rise to 4. 49 degrees centigrade until 2105 year in comparison to the pre-industrial era, if no policy is implemented to prevent rising temperatures. The trend of regional GDP and consumption are similar and will increasingly move. In the long-run, the capital accumulation will increase in the upper-middle income, the lower-middle income and the high income countries, respectively,while employment will increase in the lower-middle income, the upper-middle income and the high income countries, respectively. Environmental damage is the most in the high income countries in comparison to the other groups in MENA region.